What is principles microseismic for oil and gas production?

What is principles microseismic for oil and gas productio?

Introduction for microseismic

Microseismicity can be generated by a variety of human activities, including cer- tainindustrial activities that alter either the state of stress or pore  pressure in rocks (McGarr et al., 2002). These geomechanical changes can result in the creation of new fractures or deformation of preexisting fractures

• microseismic used for almost  unconventional reservoir  around the world
• there are two types for microseismic surface and dwonhole, surface microseismic  was started to use in 2003 for fracture detection .
• microseismic is small earthquake result 
• Identify a potential hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir.
• Evaluate the reservoir by hydraulically fracturing vertical pilot wells.
  
• Appraise the viability of horizontal drilling with multiple hydraulic fractures along the length of the borehole.
  
• Optimize commercial development with multiple horizontal wells drilled from a single drilling pad. Full-scale field development.
  
  
  

  

  
  
  
  
  a very low intensity series of earthquakes in very small area where there are no mainshoke. In addition to having natural tectontic causes, they may also be seen as a result of underground nuclear testing occur often near volcanoes as they approach an eruption, and frequently in certain regions exploited for,. These occur so continuously that usually shows a substantial number of small earthquakes at that location.

  • Microseismic man made

    Man-made microseismicity is usually induced by high-pressure injection in ahydrocarbon reservoir for deliberately fracturing rock and increasing the permeability and porosity of underground formations surrounding a producing well and the flow of oil and/or gas to the well.
      
    Microseismic monitoring has also been used in the surveillance of accidents related to heavy-oil production, such as well-casing failures, cement cracking, and unintended fluid flow
    
    

     Development of microseismic

    •it has helped hydraulic fracture stimulation to transform huge volumes of previously uneconomic rock into productive hydrocarbon reservoirs (Stewart, 2009). Stimulated production from methane-rich coal beds, gasbearing shales, and tight sandstone formations has contributed hugely to the continued growth of the oil and gas industry worldwide.

     

    

     

    How It Works

    
    
    Microseism theory is rooted in earthquake seismology. Like earthquakes, microseisms emit elastic waves—compressional (“p-waves”) and shear (“s- waves”), but they occur at much higher frequencies and generally fall within the acoustic frequency range of 200 Hz to more than 2000 Hz. A hydraulic fracture induces an increase in the formation stress proportional to the net fracturing pressure as well as an increase in pore pressure due to fracturing fluid leakoff.
    
    

    Hydraulic stimulation of reservoirs

     
    Hydraulic stimulation is a technique to induce fractures in hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs.
     
    •It is injection of fluids under high pressure in order to overcome minimum stress and open a hydraulic fractures, either by opening existing fractures or producing new ones.
    •It increases the permeability of the rock from microdarcy to millidarcy range.
    •The fluid injected into the formation is typically composed of  brine (95%), additives, proppant (e.g. resin-coated sand, ceramic materials).
    •The stimulated volume can extend several hundred meters around the well. The dimensions, extent, and geometry of the induced fractures are controlled by pump rate, pressure, and viscosity of the fracturing fluid.
    •Reservoir hydraulic stimulations usually induce (significant) microseismic activity.